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construction-commons.md (3749B)


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      2 The construction sector is a varied and complex economic sector with roots going back to thousands of years of architectural and construction practice on every continent. Originally conceived as family and community auto-constructed structures, it evolved into institutional and urban scale societal projects spanning the full spectrum of uses and resource allocation models: from patronage funded construction to commerce and industrial building. What gets built has, for the most part, always been a reflection of societal concerns and focus. Ancient architecture emerged from Imperialistic and religious considerations. Today construction (in the broadest sense) is inextricably bound to financial and economic, public works and jurisdictional priorities. In the future we may see that climate change, ecological, and space exploration concerns may be drivers of construction of all types.
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      4 In the context of open value networks, construction may be for community purposes and at scale can be seen as public works (as a commons network level project). The initiation of construction projects is typically demand driven. In public works the first steps are typically Investment Analysis to evaluate economic and financial feasibility of the construction. This analysis triggers feasibility studies, budgeting and preliminary design. Construction here, unless it is an end product, correlates with Network Level projects in P2P parlance (https://wiki.p2pfoundation.net/Open_Value_Network). That is to say, construction is oft a commons/public or private work that benefits other projects, productions or commons. Seen in that light, the restoration of ecologies can be seen to be equivalent to construction in its net benefits. The following will examine in detail the steps in Public works project :
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      6 By way of contextualizing Budget and planning with a use case, here is a project structure of modern construction from inception to delivery in simplified form:
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      8 #### Project inception stage (basis, need, demand) Definition phase scope
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     10 #### Project identification stage:
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     12  - Initiation phase
     13  - Feasibility Phase
     14  - Analysis Phase with Class D estimate
     15  - Risk analysis and contingency planning
     16  - Identification close out phase
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     18 #### Project delivery stage:
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     20  - Planning Phase
     21  - Design Phase
     22           - Professional Services Procurement
     23            - Analysis of Project Requirements
     24            - Concept Design Proposals with Class C estimate
     25            - Design Development with Class B estimate
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     27  - Implementation Phase
     28            - Contract Documents
     29            - Pre-Tender Class A estimate
     30            - Tender Call, Bid Evaluation & Construction Contract Award
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     32  - Construction Contract Administration
     33  - Consultant Contract Administration
     34  - Delivery Close Out Phase
     35  - Operations and maintenance life-cycle
     36  
     37  
     38  As one can see, estimates are used leading up to tendering and continues (as changer orders , directives and any scope change as 'on the ground' unforeseen conditions arise (hence the previous risk analysis)
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     40 In private projects, as opposed to public works, a more streamlined workflow is used. ROI analysis for construction budget divides soft costs (professional services and design) and hard costs (actual construction costs). In the context of open value networks, it is worth noting, “The price of every factory, office building, hotel or power plant that is built affects the price that must be charged for the goods or services produced in it or by it. And that effect generally persists for decades”[2].
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     42 When one considers construction of affordable housing, life support, regenerative design and terraforming, those construction costs (resource requirements) create value and resources in and of themselves.